The Cause And Effect Of Drinking Water - 1609 Words

It s a situation where they are unsure of their drinking water supply and that drinking water could have E. coli or other kinds of bacteria. I think probably the most disturbing thing is this despair often leads these young people even to contemplate suicide.51 The suicide rates in northern communities are astronomical. They are crisis in proportion, Beaucage said.52 Fontaine told columnists after his discourse that the northern Ontario group of Kashechewan, which was emptied in 2005 in view of sullied drinking water, is one group where suicide is a colossal issue.53 As per media reports, upwards of 21 individuals between the ages of nine and 23 attempted to submit suicide a month ago. Fontaine said urgent activity is required in†¦show more content†¦62 The foundations for such high rates of suicide are various and may incorporate misery because of social, social, or generational disengagement; medication and substance mishandle; or absence of lodging, nourishment, and access to circumstance. In little or detached groups, youth suicides may be especially traumatic and may prompt suicide clusters.63 Population Since the 1960s, the number of inhabitants in Aboriginal people groups has consistently expanded. Changes to the Indian Act in 1985 expanded these numbers, as individuals beforehand denied status had the capacity recover their personality.64 In 2011, more than 1,400,000 individuals, or 4.3 per cent of Canada s populace, distinguished themselves as one of Canada s Aboriginal gatherings: 851,560 First Nations, 451,795 Mà ©tis and 59,445 Inuit. More than 74.9 percent of First Nations

The Concept Of Prison Privatization - 1910 Words

The concept of prison privatization is not new; it has its genesis as early as the 18th century. However it has been received with mixed reviews over the effectiveness, the legality and whether or not it has the civil rights of prisoners as a priority. More importantly is that prison privatization profits are in direct conflict with a prosperous economy. According to Wood, (2003) the prison industrial complex is the change in the criminal justice system due to the â€Å"rapid growth† and the presence of private companies and their importance. Several factors have been identified as the cause of the rise of this complex. The violence in our society and the people or entities that would benefit from prison expansion are responsible. The prison complex consists of three concepts, expansion, privatization, and regression. The growth took place rapidly from 1925-1939, and then conversely a rapid decline during World War II. Again another flux occurred from the end of the war t o the beginnings of the 1960’s. Wood states that potential reform during a ten year period from 1961-1972 on the part of the Democrats, resulted in a drop in the incarceration rate (Wood, 2003). What is most interesting to note is what was taking place in the country during some of the dramatic increases. During 1925-1939 the country suffered a major financial hit – The Great Depression. People were out of work and food was scarce, in the 1960’s the country was experiencing social turmoil. These twoShow MoreRelatedPrivate Prisons1166 Words   |  5 PagesRunning head: PRISON PRIVATIZATION 1 An Assessment of Prison Privatization Sharon Baumann-Heller ORG 8575 Michael Mills August 12, 2012 PRISON PRIVATIZATION 2 Abstract Over-crowding in our federal, state, and local prisons, along with a depressed economy, has resulted in a trend toward privatization of these facilities. This paper examines the core issues surrounding private prisons in the areas of cost-effectiveness, recidivismRead MoreIs Prison Privatization Really a Long Term Fix? Essay1698 Words   |  7 PagesPrison Privatization is a term used for which local, state and federal correction facilities hire companies from the private sector to run prisons and provide prison-related services. Some private companies are contracted only to provide things such as medical care, counseling, food services, and maintenance within publicly owned jails and prisons. Today, more and more private companies are being contracted to not only design and build, but also to operate new jails and prisons on both the stateRead MoreA Brief Note On Academic And Professional Communications1471 Words   |  6 PagesDecember 7, 2015 Abstract The idea of privatized corrections in America has been around since around the 1980’s; this was due largely in part because of the financial burdens faced by both federal and state run facilities, however, as the privatization of correctional facilities became more prevalent, so too did instances of corruption. As more federal and state run institutions became privatized there was a marked increase in numbers of those incarcerated as well as a push for more stringentRead MoreParadigm Shift And The Evolving Corrections Environment Assignment1205 Words   |  5 Pagesincarceration. This includes defining crimes, apprehending and prosecuting criminals, and then deciding what to do with the convicts. During imprisonment, government control is downright. Despite variation in the means, methods, goals and dreams of the many prison reform organizations, most of them out of necessity have a big-government focus. (John Dewar Gleissner, 2012) Still, the shift must eventually be away from heavy government and towards decentralization, local control, individual initiative, competitionRead MoreJuvenile Detention Centers : A British System Of Punishment922 Words   |  4 PagesAlthough the concept of punishing offenders dates back to ancient Greece, American colonists adopted a British system of punishment. Rather than incarceration, offenders were punished with corporal punishment or death. English Quaker William Penn successfully persuaded Pennsylvania to adopt â€Å"The Great Law† which emphasized hard labor in a house of corrections for most crimes (â€Å"History Of Corrections†, n.d.). Thus, the â€Å"penitentiary† was created to keep prisoners isolated from society and one anotherRead MorePrivatization Of A Capitalist Society1699 Words   |  7 PagesA criminal is easier to deal with when they’re found dead. A living criminal must be tried in court of their peers, provided legal representat ion, and then must have whatever prison time they receive - if any - paid for by the Government. Meanwhile a dead criminal just needs to be acknowledged then buried. When it comes to dealing with live criminals, a government finds itself in a position where it must provide for the safety and wellbeing of members of society that are often ignored, which canRead MoreThe Privatization Of Public Services2847 Words   |  12 Pages Youness Elhamidi PADM – 610 Public Management Research Paper (Week 8) Privatization of Public Services Dr. Timothy Bagwell Department of Public Administration American Public University Author Note Youness Elhamidi, Department of Public Administration, American Public University. Correspondence concerning this paper should be addressed to Youness Elhamidi, Department of Public Administration, American Public University System, 111 W. Congress Street, Charles Town, WV 25414.Read MoreProbation As The Most Frequently Used Sentence For Those Convicted1169 Words   |  5 Pagesprobation officers. Those who support privatization argue that the adaptability of private agencies means that the services they provide can be better suited to probationers’ needs. In ideal circumstances, private agencies could theoretically serve offenders better than state agencies. Opponents of privatization argue that private companies are profiting from poverty, and that the effects are much more damaging than state run probation. Current Applications. The concept of Probation in America is muchRead MoreSlaves to the Corporation: The Private Prison System1174 Words   |  5 Pagesanalysis of the private prison system Inhumane treatment of inmates and poor living conditions seem to be reoccurring issues within the private prison system. Oddly enough the United States government continues to allow the privatizing of prisons when as it stands private companies already owned and/or operate over more than half of the U.S correctional facilities (Mason , 2010). Privatization of prisons was initially expected not only relieve the overcrowding of prisons but also to house inmatesRead MorePrivate Prisons2652 Words   |  11 PagesThe concept of the prison has existed for more than two thousand years. It probably goes back as far in time as practice of cannibalism, where victims had to wait for their turn in contributing to the chief course in the menu of their captors. Examples of prisons can even be found in the Old Testament when Joseph was incarcerated in Egypt. It was not until the 19th century that a clear shift occurred from corporal punishment to imprisonment. As societies prospered and the indus trial revolution began

Disteval Expert System

Question: Write an essay onDISTEVAL expert system. Answer: According to Floridi (2015) trade agreement is a wide range of tariff, tax and trade treaty that includes several investment guarantees. Thus, if there were any trade agreement between India and Australia, it can affect different export factors to a large extent. First of all, it will help Fletcher International Export to introduce lamb product much more freely, as they do not have to consider about different type of government restrictions. Therefore, it will allow the company to develop international market much more effectively. Trade agreement between the countries will also influence the productive foreign direct investment that will allow the organization to spend more to capture the new market place. Thus, it will allow the company to spread all across the country in a rapid pace to emerge as one of the popular name in the market. Trade agreement between countries will also induce to share advice and information related to the market place, which has the potential to minimize cost and time of introducing a new product in a foreign country. Instruments for government intervention in the area of importing lamb into India: Government intervention is among the most important factor that any organization will have to consider at the time of conducting any import-export service. In different economies, different rules and regulations are there that every organization will have to follow in order to conduct import-export service successfully (Bagwell and Staiger 2015). Thus, Fletcher International Export is also not an exception. Since, it also has to go through several government intervention instruments in order to conduct its business expansion process successfully. For instance, government can utilize tariff or import duty as an instrument to control the amount of lamb product to enter in the market. Since, higher import duty can certainly create negative impact on the import amount. Government can also use quota to limit foreign imports in order to protect domestic lamb product manufacturer. Nontariff trade barrier is another instrument that government can utilize in the area of lamb import (Poynter 2 012). Since, nontariff trade barrier to implement policies and regulations other than explicit tariff in order to control import-export services in the country. Investment barriers are another instrument that government can utilize to control import, as it restricts foreign investment in the country. Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement: As per the article by Freeman, Hammer and Thomas (2014) the Trans-Pacific Partnership is a secretive multinational trade agreement that threatened to dismiss laws and other international restriction across the globe. It allows countries to conduct international business effectively. The agreement was done between 12 Pacific Rim countries. However, India is not among those countries that have agreed to Trans-Pacific Partnership agreement. Impact Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement on Fletcher International Exports: Since, India is not a member of this agreement. It will affect Fletcher International Export in many ways. For instance, it will not allow the company to get a comprehensive market access. Therefore, the company will have to maintain several rules and restrictions in order to conduct international business in India (Friel et al. 2013). It will also force the company to face several new challenges from the market place in order to become a popular name in the market. Suitability in terms of customer segmentation: The article has highlighted that India is going through the economic growth. As a result, it also is affecting the consumer power of India. Since, India considered among the slow starter of all other Asian countries regarding the consumer revolution. However, as the increase in the sense of development of consumer oriented tendencies, it influences the availability of different type of manufacture of consumer goods (Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger 2013). For instance, the article highlighted that a particular product can be describe in different forms in different cultures. Therefore, marketers also will have segment the entire market based on the perception of the customers for that particular region. The article mentioned that global tendencies in consumerism also do play a crucial role in developing customer segmentation. In addition, as the technology is continuously changing in the Indian market. Therefore, it can also have major contribution in the customer segmentation proce ss (Low 2012). Since, it allows organizations to target a wider range of customer from all over the country. Suitability in terms of demographics: Since, the article highlighted the significance of the culture in the popularity of a particular product. Therefore, it is expected that changes in demographics will also create a major impact on the perspectives of product suitability (Chen and Bell 2012). The article mentioned the cultural context and experience of the motor scooter in three different cultures, India, England and Italy. It Italy, the motor scooter is marked as aesthetic object. In England, it marked as a mark of rebellion among the different punk groups. On the other hand, motor scooter in India is considered as a personal or family utility transport medium. This established the fact that changes in demographics can have huge amount of impact on the suitability of product. Suitability in terms of psychographics: Psychographic is another important aspect that can have serious impact on the product suitability. The article mentioned several psychological attributes that can have serious level of impact on the product suitability. For instance, middle class families in India have different level of values regarding a particular product as compared to higher-class people of the community (Windler et al. 2016). In addition, as the role of women is changing in the society, it also affects the past psychological values. This in turn creates major impact on the product suitability. Furthermore, increasing aspirants of the consumers and changing structure of the family also has greater impact on the suitability of the product. Strategies Fletcher International Exports is using in order to be successful in India: The article highlighted that Fletcher International Export is among the most popular exporters of Australian lamb and sheep products exporter. The company is exporting their products to more than 100 countries. The article highlighted that Fletcher International Export is looking to expand their business in India in order to increase its growth opportunity. In addition, as the food distribution channels are expanding in India, it reflected a huge market for the company to penetrate (Turnbull and Valla 2013). The article described that to entering into the Indian market successfully; Fletcher International Export took its initial step very early to become the first Australian organization to enter into the Indian market. The company took assistance from DAFF and Austrade to enter into the Indian market. Austrade helps Fletcher International Export by providing advice, sharing details of the reputed distributor in India and also helps the company to get introduced to the Indian customer so that the company can able to promote the Australian lamb product in the Indian market successfully (Morgan, Katsikeas and Vorhies 2012). The company focuses on to promote its lamb product by pairing with different Australian wine labels. For implementing this successfully, Fletchers focuses on the major cities in India like Chennai, Bangalore, Mumbai and Delhi. However, the article mentioned that the company looking to enhance their brand all across India. As a result, Fletchers lamb is also available at many growing hotels and restaurants in India. The company also targeted four star and five star hotels of India. Since, premium lamb rack is among the most popular product in these places. The company also targeted various retailers in each city so that it can able to create a strong presence all a cross the country. In addition, the article mentioned that middle-class interest in lamb product is increasing continuously. Therefore, it also is increasing the business opportunity for the company. Fletcher export maintains the strict food safety regulation of the agricultural department of Australia in order to increase the satisfaction level of the customers in India. The article describes the Fletcher export is focusing on the long-term strategy to increase its popularity in the Indian market. Since, it is mentioned that the company will have to do lot of research and homework to understand the exact requirements that is needed to enter into the India market (Piercy 2014). The article mentioned that Fletcher export continuously would have to take help from Austrade to understand the Indian customer more closely. However, it is mentioned that the Flecther is Halal certified, which will help the company to expand in various are in Indian, Pakistan and Nepal as well. DISTEVAL expert system: Selection of distributor is among the most important factor that the manufacturers will have to keep in mind so that it can able to export its product effectively. Therefore, the article focuses on an expert system for the evaluation of the distributor namely DISTEVAL or DISTributor EVALuator. The author of the article highlighted the process for developing the expert system. At the initial step for the development of DISTEVAL, large number of seasoned international business executives interviewed so that the system can able to evaluate the best possible international distribution channel (Summanen 2014). The article highlighted that DISTEVAL system based upon 35 different attributes for systematic evaluation of the foreign distributors. The article highlighted that DISTEVAL system grouped these 35 attributes in five separate groups. The author of the article explained that each criterion of DISTEVAL expert system belongs to the one of the five dimensions that is assigned regarding the weight of importance. The article highlighted that evaluative algorithm of DISTEVAL needs weights for dimensions and for the lower level at tributes that comprise them. It also mentioned that knowledge acquisition process would play a key role in determining weights of the five dimensions. Furthermore, each dimension of the DISTEVAL is associated with the potential ratings. The article also mentioned that quantitative evaluation from the system based on a weighted sum of the total attributes score is ranged from o to 100 for each of the dimension. Therefore, it is expected that the DISTEVAL system will able to arrange the distributors according to their potential, which will help the manufactures to improve its export activities effectively. The article mentioned that the overall objective of implementing the DISTEVAL expert system is to provide assistance for selecting foreign distributor. Therefore, the article mentioned that the DISTEVAL system would provide great help to the new-to-export organizations as it will provides interactive opportunities for the managers to evaluate the system outcomes so that it can able to come to a conclusion (Haoran, Wen and Ling 2014). Therefore, it is expected that the system will able to help the managers to take transparent decisions. The DISTEVAL is expected to be useful in the situations where the manufacturers will have to change the existing distributors with the new ones. Thus, it can be concluded that the kind of qualities that the DISTEVAL expert system possess will create huge amount of positive impact on the foreign export perspective of the manufacturers. References: Bagwell, K. and Staiger, R.W., 2015. Delocation and trade agreements in imperfectly competitive markets.Research in Economics,69(2), pp.132-156. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G.A. and Riesenberger, J.R., 2013.A framework for international business. Pearson. Chen, J. and Bell, P.C., 2012. Implementing market segmentation using full-refund and no-refund customer returns policies in a dual-channel supply chain structure.International Journal of Production Economics,136(1), pp.56-66. Floridi, L., 2015. The anti-counterfeiting trade agreement: the ethical analysis of a failure, and its lessons.Ethics and Information Technology,17(2), pp.165-173. Freeman, J.T., Hammer, D. and Thomas, M., 2014. The future prospects of regulating in the interest of public health under the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement: the example of agricultural antibiotic use.NZ Med J,127(1393), pp.126-8. Friel, S., Gleeson, D., Thow, A.M., Labonte, R., Stuckler, D., Kay, A. and Snowdon, W., 2013. A new generation of trade policy: potential risks to diet-related health from the trans pacific partnership agreement.Globalization and health,9(1), p.1. Haoran, S., Wen, D. and Ling, Z., 2014. A Fuzzy TOPSIS based Approach for Distributor Selection in Supply Chain Management: An Empirical Study of an Agricultural Enterprise in China.Advance Journal of Food Science and Technology,6(1), pp.112-118. Low, K.Y., 2012. Product suitability, due diligence and management responsibility: The new regime of regulation 18B of the financial advisers regulations.Singapore Academy of Law Journal,24(1), p.298. Morgan, N.A., Katsikeas, C.S. and Vorhies, D.W., 2012. Export marketing strategy implementation, export marketing capabilities, and export venture performance.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science,40(2), pp.271-289. Piercy, N., 2014.Export Strategy: Markets and Competition (RLE Marketing). Routledge. Poynter, T.A., 2012.Multinational enterprises and government intervention(Vol. 32). Routledge. Summanen, E., 2014. DESIGNING A NETWORK OF CUSTOMER-ORIENTED DISTRIBUTION CHANNELS: Case: Company X in Automotive Industry. Turnbull, P.W. and Valla, J.P. eds., 2013.Strategies for international industrial marketing. Routledge. Windler, K., Jttner, U., Michel, S., Maklan, S. and Macdonald, E.K., 2016. Identifying the right solution customers: A managerial methodology.Industrial Marketing Management.

Introduction to Chemical Dependency

Introduction Dependency is a state where an entity relies on another individual deemed as superior. Thus, the superior entity controls, and dictates the subject. Medically, dependency refers to a range of attachments that involve psychological, physical, and behavioral addiction. In this case, chemical dependency implies overreliance of a person on chemical substances.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Chemical Dependency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Chemical dependency changes a habit into a character due to addiction. Addiction implies that a person cannot live comfortably without a given chemical substance. Dependence on chemicals as alcohol, cigarettes, and drugs has great dangers to mental and physical health of individuals. Therefore, the essay examines the effect of chemical dependency on family members and families. Uses of Screening Tests, their Strengths, and Weaknesses Psychologists u se screening tests in the identification of drug abuse and other disorders in individuals. Using signs and symptoms of a condition, screening tests aim to identify whether there is evidence to ascertain presence or absence of a condition in people. Some of the tests used by psychologists in screening alcoholism among individuals include PAT and AUDIT (Kinney 2011). Paddington alcohol test (PAT) is a screening test used on emergency patients who experience accidents and falls. PAT administers a set of three questions to identify the presence of alcoholism in a person. However, since the test asks the amount of alcohol consumed, victims reduce or deny consumption of the drug. AUDIT, which is alcohol use disorders identification test, is very important in screening gender and cultural groups. Eight positives imply the presence of a problem. AUDIT has a weakness that concerns the amount of questions and the length of time taken during administration. Importance of Roles and Rules in the Addicted Family A family is composed of individuals who have different virtual rules that define their roles. According to Kinney (2011), these roles and rules are very important as they help the family maintain its status quo. They define the roles played by every member and provide a set of rules that each one has to follow. Furthermore, roles and rules enable the family to progress and achieve their objectives. Though the roles and regulations are unrecorded, members know and understand their application. Thus, individuals perform their roles and follow the rules irrespective of the challenges that they may encounter. Therefore, roles and rules help sustain families even during the time when one of the members is addicted. Joan Jackson’s Seven-Stage Theory about Family and Addiction Joan Jackson states that the process of addiction goes through seven stages. In her assertion, the first stage involves rare incidences of extreme drinking, which influence the relationship be tween spouses. The second stage initiates emotional expressions from children, disrupts the family structure from frequent excessive drinking, and creates tension.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The second stage also incorporates feelings like carelessness and self-pity from spouses who struggle to maintain family structure. The third stage ends the social support that the addict receives from the family during the recovery. The contentment of the addict’s behavior is evident in the fourth stage. Family members adopt a new structure that includes the addict. At this stage, the sober partner takes full control of the family (Kinney 2011). The strong protective feelings replace self-pity and resentment. Separation takes place in the fifth stage if the abstemious spouse cannot solve the problem of addiction. In the sixth stage, family members reorganize themselves after excludin g the addict. The seventh stage comprises of soberness from the addict who starts reorganizing himself to reinstate the former personality. The role of Homeostasis in the Family System Homeostasis is a concept that is applicable in an equilibrium state of a family system. According to the concept, family members have certain set of roles and rules that the family defines. Homeostasis and equilibrium play a very vital role in maintaining stability and the status quo of a family. Kinney (2011) argues that members struggle to maintain structure and balance of a family using homeostasis and equilibrium. Though unwritten, members know the prototype, and so, each one sticks to the conditions defined by the pattern. Thus, the presence of these roles and rules help in the maintenance of the family model and balance. Homeostasis and equilibrium involve all family members who fulfill this concept through their participation in the roles and rules. In their quest to retain homeostasis and equi librium, family members try to prevent any changes in a family structure. Anonymity and Humility in the 12 Step Program Anonymity and humility are vital in the 12 steps of recovery from addiction. Anonymity employs confidentiality of victims while humility uses humbleness to help victims recover. Anonymity refers to the privacy and confidentiality held by stakeholders involved in the recovery process. Anonymity implies the secrecy that people use when dealing with the12 steps. Additionally, secrecy applies to respecting, valuing, and treating others in a free and fair manner. According to Kinney (2011), victims use first names to protect their identities. Humility is the seventh in the 12 stages of recovery from alcohol addiction. In the stage, subjects accept that addiction is the problem affecting their health and development. In this level, individuals humbly consent to the fact that they have a problem of addiction to drugs like alcohol. Although this stage may be tough and diff icult to undertake, it is very important that people go through because it involves acceptance of the problem at hand and pursuit for a solution. Impact of Addicted Parents on Child’s Development (Using Erikson’s Model) Addicted parents have a negative influence on the development of children, as they are the first people that define their lifestyles. Erikson’s model of human development states that, as people grow, they resolve psychosocial crises. The first stage, which spans from birth to 18 months, children try to resolve the psychosocial crisis of trust versus mistrust (Kinney 2011).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Chemical Dependency specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Addicted parents are unable to provide love, protection, and care, and thus make their children develop mistrust. Furthermore, children who have 2 to 3 years struggle to resolve the crisis of independence ve rsus uncertainty and shame. In this view, the addicted parents compel their children to develop an attitude of failure, shame, and embarrassment. The preschool crisis is between guilty versus initiative. The addicted parents do not support their children as they disapprove them, and thus make them feel guilty. Industry versus inferiority is the crisis that children with age 6-11 years experience. At this stage of development, addicted parents do not support their children to struggle hard; hence, the children feel inferior. Teenagers struggle to resolve the crisis of identity versus role confusion. Instead of assisting their children to identify their roles, addicted parents neglect and make them confuse their roles Challenges that Special Populations Face in Recovery Some of the challenges that special populations such as teenagers, seniors, and women face during recovery from addiction relate to factors like denial, low self-esteem, and poor health. Teenagers with the ages 12-19 y ears majorly purchase drugs from streets because they are cheap and easily accessible. The purchase of cheap and accessible makes it complex to identify the abusers and rehabilitate them. In addition, teenagers consume the drugs in secret places, therefore, it becomes challenging for the counselors, and other stakeholders to identify and help these teens recover from addiction. The senior members of the society face various challenges in recovery from addiction because they can easily access pharmaceutical drugs over the counter and alcoholic drinks in restaurants (Kinney 2011). Women are more susceptible to addiction disorders than men are; hence, it they take longer time to recover than men do. Moreover, as opposed to men, women live in denial because they fear stigmatization from the society. Conclusion Dependency on chemical substances is a major challenge facing many families in the present world. Addiction or dependency on drugs subjects all family members to stress, anxiety, tension, and emotional disturbance. In extreme cases, spouses separate, a factor that increases the amount of suffering that young members of the family experience. During substance abuse, an individual goes through seven stages, which lead to addiction. The essay highlights the importance of rules and roles in retaining equilibrium and homeostasis in a family. Furthermore, the essay demonstrates the importance of the 12-step program, and the effect of addicted parents on the development of children. Thus, the essay examined the effect of addiction on families.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reference Kinney, J. (2011). Loosening the Grip: A Handbook of Alcohol Information, London: McGraw-Hill. This essay on Introduction to Chemical Dependency was written and submitted by user EriktheRed to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Noam chomsky essays

Noam chomsky essays Noam Chomsky asserts that the power elites of society shape public opinion and set the agenda for our society- and that in this way, they maintain their system of control. There are a small number of people that are given permission to use up the Earths resources. The problem is that the people who are not in this small number are led to believe that these issues are not important and so are discouraged from having an opinion. He argues that because of this, that real democracy is subverted and we do not even debate the important issues at hand, such as the depletion of the Earths resources. In my paper, I will discuss why I believe that Chomskys assertion is in fact true. . In many ways Noam Chomskys viewpoint points to factual and relevant information. Large corporations, along with the media control a large part of our daily lives. Each day when we turn on the news, we are getting (in a sense) entertained for 30 minutes. A great deal of important information is diluted for the sake of the viewer. There can be nothing that actually drives them to sit down and think about an issue, for that would depress the viewer and thus lose them as an audience. There is a great lack of real news out in the world today. Shows such as Entertainment Tonight show this phenomenon-where people would rather learn about the glamour and excitement than depleting resources. We as a society are led away from thinking that there even is a problem; and for the people that do believe that there is a problem, we merely label them as overreacting. In order to find the real and important information, one has to dig deep into government files and alternative news stories. It is not that the info is not available; its just that the info that is available is extremely hard to find. This is not done by accident either. Those large corporations hold so much control ove...

The ability of the brain to re

The ability of the brain to re Introduction The ability of the brain to change following an individual’s experience is referred to as neuroplasticity (Alamacos, Segura, Borrel, 1998). This characteristic of the brain was discovered more recently and discredits the earlier belief that the brain could never change after a person has gone through the critical period of infancy. The brain is chiefly made up of nerve cells and glial cells which are usually linked.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The ability of the brain to re-task a different area following brain damage to one area specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Learning can be achieved through the alteration of the strength of these connections. In the last century, the common belief was that the lower brain and the neocortical areas could not be altered in structure after structure after childhood (Winship murphy, 2009). This belief has been challenged by the new revelations that indicate that all parts of the brain are plastic and can be altered even in older individuals. This paper seeks to identify the ability of the brain to re-task a different area to perform a function that has been affected by brain damage (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Earlier studies Previous studies done by Wiesel and Hubel showed that ocular dominance columns that are located in the lowest neocortical visual area were largely not changeable after one has passed the critical period in development (Black, Cianci, Markokowitz, 2001). These critical periods were also examined in respect to language development; the findings suggested that all the sensory pathways were permanent subsequent to the critical period (Kaeser, et al., 2010). However, the earlier brain studies had also shown that changes in the environment could result in change in behavior and cognition. This change was linked to the alteration in neuronal connections and neurogenesis in specific parts of the brain such a s the hippocampus (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010). Decades of enduring research on the functions and structure of the brain indicate that alterations take place in the lowest neocortical processing areas and that the alterations could result in marked changes in the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience (Kaeser, et al., 2010).Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The resulting neuroplasticity theory asserts that experience can result in the modification of the brain’s physical structure and the functional organization (Alamacos, Segura, Borrel, 1998). Neurobiology and cortical maps The idea of synaptic pruning forms one of the important aspects of neuroplasticity. Synaptic pruning explains that specific links in the brain are subjected to constant removal or recreation depending on how they are being used (Draganski, 2006). The con cept of synaptic pruning is best captured in the aphorism â€Å"which states that neurons that fire together, wire together/neurons that fire apart, wire apart† (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010, p. 8). This indicates that two neighboring neurons that concurrently produce an impulse can form one cortical map. Cortical maps are used to explain cortical organization of, in most cases, the sensory system (Giovanna, Paolo, Luca, Thomas, 2008). For instance, sensory impulses from the two arms are projected to different cortical sites in the brain. Thus the cortical organization defined by the response to sensory inputs represents the human body in form of a map. Researchers Merzenich, Doug Rasmusson and Jon Kaas conducted studies on the cortical maps by removing sensory inputs (Cutler Hoffman, 2005). Their findings which have been supported by various other studies show that the removal of an input in the cortical map results in the rewiring of the impulse through adjac ent inputs. Treatment of brain damage as an application of neuroplasticity Through neuroplasticity studies it has been found out that a brain activity that results into a certain function can be relocated to a different part of the brain. This may take place in the course of normal experience or may occur in the course recovery following brain damage (Draganski, 2006).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on The ability of the brain to re-task a different area following brain damage to one area specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Neuroplasticity forms the basis on which the scientific explanation for the treatment of acquired brain injury is founded. The restoration of the lost functions through therapeutic programs in form of rehabilitation is achieved due to the plastic nature of the brain (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). Cortical tissue damage, as might occur following stroke, is usually known to affect t he initiation and execution of muscular contraction in the extremities opposite the side of the injury (Winship murphy, 2009). In addition the precise manipulative power and the ability to skillfully utilize the upper extremity are usually weakened. Depending on the extent of the injury, some functions usually return in weeks or months, although full recovery is uncommon in human beings. There is increasing evidence which indicates that the return of function observed following â€Å"cortical injury is largely attributed to the adaptive plasticity in the remaining cortical and sub-cortical motor apparatus† (Black, Cianci, Markokowitz, 2001). For instance, the studies pneurophysiologic and neuroanatomic on animals and the neuroimaging and other non invasive stimulation research studies conducted on humans provide evidence to show that adaptive changes take place in the undamaged tissues that surround a cortical infarct (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Contrary to the previou s beliefs, the adult brain is not â€Å"hard wired† with fixed immutable neuronal circuits (Draganski, 2006). There are several instances through which the cortex and sub cortex can be rewired as a consequence of training or following an injury to the brain. This is supported by evidence that new brain cells can develop even in the adult mammal even at old age. The research findings so far have shown that this mainly occurs in the hippocampus and the olfactory bulb, however, there is increasing evidence that indicates that other regions of the brain may undergo neurogenesis (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). In most parts of the brain, dead neurons are not recreated but the specific functions are seen to be restored. However, evidence on the active, â€Å"experience-dependent re-organization of the synaptic networks of the brain involving multiple inter-related structures including the cerebral cortex is lacking† (Kaeser, et al., 2010, p. 13). The specific path way through which the process takes place at the molecular level is subject to intense research.Advertising Looking for research paper on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some theories have been advanced to explain how experience results in the synaptic organization of the brain, one of the theories include the general theory of the mind and epistemology referred to as Neural Darwinism which was developed by Gerald Edelman (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Neuroplasticity also occupies a central point in the memory and learning theories that are characterized by changes in the structure and function of the synapses through experience (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). Sensory substitution and neuroplasticity is best remembered through the works of Paul Bach-y-Rita (Lazar, Kerr, Wasserman, 2005). He came up with a brain port while working with a patient whose vestibular system had been injured. The â€Å"brain port machine would replace the patient’s vestibular apparatus by sending signals to her brain via the tongue† (Winship murphy, 2009, p. 15). The patient used the machine for a certain period of time and regained the normal function. Her experience is best explained through plasticity because her vestibular system was disorganized following prolonged gentamicin medication and thus was sending uncoordinated signals to the brain. Using the machine developed by Paul bay her vestibular system was able determine new neural pathways that were instrumental in reinstating the lost function. Paul Bach-y-Rita used the following analogy to explain the plasticity concept; â€Å"if one is driving from one place to another and the main bridge that connects the two places goes out, he will be paralyzed before deciding to take the old farmland roads that are definitely shorter† (Winship murphy, 2009). By using these roads more, one will start getting wherever he wanted to go faster. Thus the new established neural pathways become stronger with more use. The unmasking process of the new neural pathways is generally understood to one of the main principal ways through which the plastic brain reorganizes itself (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010). Another group referred to as the Randy Nudo learned that if an infarction leads to the cutting of blood supply to a certain part of the motor cortex of a monkey, the part of the body that is stimulated by the affected brain portion will respond when adjacent areas are stimulated (Kaeser, et al., 2010). In one of their studies, the intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) mapping techniques were applied on nine normal monkeys (Draganski, 2006). Some of the monkeys were subjected to ischemic infarction protocols. The monkeys that underwent ischemic infarction retained more finger flexion during food retrieval and after several months this deficit returned to the levels they were before the operation (Kaeser, et al., 2010). In regard to the mapping conducted to represent the distal forelimb, it was shown that cortical representations of movements had undergone reorganization in the entire surrounding cortex that had not been damaged. Better understanding on how the normal and damaged cortical tissues interact has formed the basis for current therapeutical approach in the treatment of stroke patients (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). The Nudo group is currently taking part in studying the treatment approaches that may result in better management of stroke. Such approaches include â€Å"physiotherapy, pharmacotherapy and electrical stimulation therapy† (Cutler Hoffman, 2005, p. 4). A professor at the Vanderbilt University known as Jon Kaas has been able to reveal â€Å"how somatosensory area 3b and the ventroposterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus are affected by long standing unilateral dorsal column lesions at cervical levels in macaque monkeys† (Kaeser, et al., 2010, p. 10). This shows that the brains of an adult mammal can reorganize following brain damage or injury but the reorganization will be injury dependent. His more recent studies have been focused on somatosensory structure. Normally when injury is inflicted on the somatosensory cortex, one experiences a dysfunction in the perception of some part of the body. Jon Kaas is currently trying to understand how these systems (somatosensory, cognitive, motor systems) are plastic as a result of injury (Frost, Bury, Friel, Plautz, Nudo, 2002). More recently, neuroplasticity was applied in the treatment of traumatic brain injuries. The treatment was done by a team of doctors and researchers at Emory University, particularly Dr. Donald Stein and Dr. David Wright (Cutler Hoffman, 2005). This particular treatment was first of its kind to be applied in that it is affordable and does not show any side effects. Dr. Stein had had earlier observed that female mice recovered better from brain injuries as compared to their male counterparts. In addition he realized that the female mice had a better recovery record in some stages of the estrus cycle. After intense research studies, the team attributed this phenomenon to the levels of progesteron e (Cutler Hoffman, 2005). The higher the progesterone levels the better the recovery witnessed in the mice. Thus they developed a therapeutic approach that included enhanced levels of progesterone administration to patients with brain injuries. It was shown that if progesterone administration was done following brain injury that result in â€Å"stroke there were fewer instances of edema, inflammation, and neuronal cell death, and enhanced spatial reference memory and sensory motor recovery† (Kaeser, et al., 2010, p. 7). Administration of progesterone on a group of severely brain injured patients showed a reduction in mortality rates by up to 60%. Conclusion This paper sought to use existing literature in academic sources to explain how a lost function due to brain injury or damage can be re-tasked to another part of the brain. The area concerned with this study is referred to as neuroplasticity which can be simply defined as the ability of the brain to change following an in dividual’s experience (Boudrias, Mcpherson, Frost, Cheney, 2010). Neuroplasticity has led to a major shift in the way the understanding of the human brain. Major studies have been carried out by researchers and doctors to understand how the brain is able to re-task different area following damage to one area. Though there is no conclusive evidence to show how this occurs at the molecular level, there has been a marked improvement in the understanding and therapeutical application. References Alamacos, M. C., Segura, G., Borrel, J. (1998). Transfer function to a specific area of the cortex after induced recovery from brain damage. Eur J Neurosci, 5:853-863. Black, P., Cianci, S., Markokowitz, R. S. (2001). Question of transecallosal facilitation of motor recovery: Stroke implications. Trans Am Neurol , 95:207-210. Boudrias, M., Mcpherson, R. L., Frost, S. B., Cheney, P. (2010). Output Properties and organization of the forelimb Representation of Motor Areas on the Lateral Aspect of the Hemisphere in Rhesus Macaques. Cereb Cortex , 20(1):169- 186. Cutler, S., Hoffman, S. (2005). Tapered progesterone withdrawal enhances behavioral and moleculae recovery after traumatic brain injury. Experimental  neurology , 195(2):423-429. Draganski, B. (2006). Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of the brain structure changes during extensive learning. The journal of Neuroscience , 26(23):6314-6417. Frost, S. B., Bury, S., Friel, M., Plautz, J., Nudo, R. J. (2002). Reorganization of Remote Cortical Regions After Ischemic brain Injury: A potential Substrate for Stroke Recovery. J Neurophysiol , 89:32053214. Giovanna, P., Paolo, P., Luca, B., Thomas, R. (2008). Genesis of Neuronal and Glial progenitors in the cerebellar cortex of peripuberal and adult rabbits.  journal pone , 12(4):345-7. Kaeser, M., Alexander, F., Wyss, F., Bashir, S., Hamadjida, A., Liu, Y., et al. (2010). Effects of Unilateral Motor Cortex Lesion on Ipsilesional Hands Reach and Grasp Perfomance in Monkeys: Relationship With Recovery in the Contralesional Hand. J Neurophysiol , 103(3): 1630-1645. Lazar, S., Kerr, C., Wasserman, R. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness. neuroreport , 12(17)1893-97. Winship, I. R., murphy, T. H. (2009). Remapping the somatosensory cortex after Stroke: Insight from Imaging the Synapse to Network. Neuroscientist, 15(5):507-524.

Poor and Minorities in the Criminal Justice System Essay

Poor and Minorities in the Criminal Justice System - Essay Example 190). Observations and importance: For a considerably long time, in the US two different types of criminal justice systems are active. One is for the white and rich people and the other one is for the poor minority people. These were the findings of judges, attorneys, and law professors. They have found that there are inequalities, disparities, and injustices in the treatment of crimes according to races and social, political, and financial power. Different government criminal agencies, courts, and police are highly biased in respect to justice. Sometimes courts take only few minutes to finish the hearing of the case for the minority people, without even considering all the possible aspects and witnesses’ statements. Sometimes the hearing of a poor black person is attended by a white jury, who is naturally supposed to be highly biased against the black community (Cole, 1999, p. 190). All these affect negatively the large number of poor and minority people living in the country . But the most striking feature of the problem is that the law of the US does not allow court and police to be biased against any race and community. This has been rather a social tradition that has been going on and on for a long time. The problem is immensely serious in the sense that these decisions of invoking bias in the criminal justice systems are creating anger and passion for revenge and feelings of social discrimination among the poor and minor people living there. This is also violating the social peace in the country. Evidence shows that a black judge has announced punishment for a white without even completing the hearing, just because the judge has in mind the history of justice system regarding the bias for whites (Banks, 2004, p. 60). It is also shown that for the same crime a black gets more punishment compared to a white. Sometimes the racial discriminations become larger than the financial discriminations. There are also some evidences that reveal that discriminat ions are available in questions like who will be arrested and who will enter into the system, but not in the judgment of terms of sentencing. There are lots of informal sources of discriminations like police and local courts. In the presence of these informal sources it is evident that the African Americans are the most discriminated ethnic society living in the US. The dangerousness or the seriousness of the crime gets more importance for the blacks than for the whites (Bank, 2004, pp. 60-61). Discriminations are also shown in case of the jury selection (Bank, 2004, p. 62) and giving death penalty (Bank, 2004, p. 67). The massacre of 9/11 has created new disparities for the Muslims around the world, especially for the Asian Muslims. Even American people think that there are discriminations against poor and minorities (Greenhouse, 1999). Reasons: There are various reasons for discriminations in criminal justice systems in the US. Most of the reasons are completely social and convent ional and have least or no resemblance with the law or the rules and regulations of the system. For instance, the police may arrest a person completely based on the kind of respect the person shows to the police. A lower respect for the police increases the probability of getting